In his essay "Are We Automata?", William James explores the notion of whether human beings can be considered mere machines, responding to external stimuli without any conscious control or free will. James critiques the idea of the "automaton-theory," which posits that all outward human actions are mechanical and deterministic, and consciousness has no real influence on our behaviors. He argues against this by emphasizing the importance of consciousness and selective attention in decision-making and moral actions.
James points out that while materialistic perspectives might claim that our choices are purely based on the strongest neurological impulses, this fails to explain the conscious effort humans exert to overcome automatic tendencies, such as resisting harmful habits or moral dilemmas. He uses examples such as overcoming addiction to highlight the active role of consciousness in directing human actions.
Ultimately, James defends what he calls the "Common-Sense-theory," which asserts that consciousness is not irrelevant or powerless. Instead, it plays a crucial role in human behavior by enabling selective attention, reasoning, and moral judgment. This position challenges the mechanistic view that human behavior is purely the result of brain processes and argues for a more integrated view of consciousness and action.
This work reflects James's broader philosophy of pragmatism, where he emphasizes the practical effects of beliefs and consciousness in guiding human experience.
